Coherence and Cohesion evaluate how logically the ideas are organized and connected throughout the essay. It involves both the structure of the essay and the use of cohesive devices (linking words and phrases).

Key Aspects:

• Logical Organization: The essay should follow a clear structure with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The ideas in each paragraph should logically connect to the essay’s overall argument.
• Effective Paragraphing: Each paragraph should focus on one main idea. Candidates should divide the essay into appropriate sections, with each section developing a specific point.
• Use of Cohesive Devices: The use of linking words and phrases is essential for guiding the reader through the essay and connecting ideas. Words like “however,” “furthermore,” “on the other hand,” and “in contrast” help clarify relationships between ideas.
• Referencing and Avoiding Repetition: Pronouns and other reference mechanisms should be used correctly to avoid unnecessary repetition and maintain clarity. For example, after introducing a concept like “technological advancements,” it could be referred to as “these advancements” rather than repeating the full phrase.

Example:

In an essay about whether public transport should be free, the candidate might structure it as follows:

• Introduction: Present the argument and outline the essay.
• Body Paragraph 1: Discuss benefits (e.g., increased use, reduced traffic).
• Body Paragraph 2: Discuss drawbacks (e.g., cost to taxpayers).
• Conclusion: Summarize and provide a final opinion.

Each paragraph should smoothly transition into the next using cohesive devices, like: “In addition to reducing traffic, free public transport can help lower pollution levels.”